Card Reader Writer
2009
Magnetic Card Reader Reader Works
A Magnetic Card Reader is a rectangular plastic object (think credit/debit card) that contains either a magnetic object embedded within the card or a magnetic stripe on the exterior of the card. A Magnetic Card Reader can store any form of digital data. The electronic devices designed to read stored information from a Magnetic Card Writer do so by either swiping the card through a slot in the reading device or holding the card next to a Magnetic Card Reader reader. About a hundred bytes of information can be stored on a Magnetic Card Reader. Because of their extensive use, most Magnetic Card Readers employ standards that describe the physical and magnetic characteristics for a magnetic stripe on a plastic card. Specifications for a storage format and information exchange are also defined by these standards. According to existing standards, a Credit Card Reader stores information in three separate tracks. All three tracks possess different bit densities and encoded character sets. The average bit density of the first track is 210 bits per inch (bpi). A 64-bit character dataset is used to store information in track 1. The characters are made up of six data bits and an odd parity bit. The encoding format grants the least-significant bit to come first and the parity bit, last. So, track one can hold around 79 characters. The information density of the second and third tracks is around 75 and 210 bpi respectively. Only numeric data can be stored on the second and third track. 4-bit binary encoding is used as a decimal subset with odd parity and it is encoded with the least significant bit first and the parity bit last. The second and third tracks hold 40 and 107 characters respectively. The actual usable data stored will be minimized as the Start Sentinel, End Sentinel, and LRC characters are added. "Two-Frequency, Coherent Phase Recording" is used for encoding Magnetic Card Readers. It is also called as F/2F sampling-encoding. By using combined data and clock bits self-clocking is achieved. For all 3 tracks, the data storage format is as follows: Leading zero bits are encoded to specify the presence of an encoded Magnetic Card Reader and provide synchronization pulses to the read head electronics and, ultimately, to the controller. The Start Sentinel character then indicates the initiation of actual data. The coded data follows the Start Sentinel character which is followed by the End Sentinel character. The End Sentinel character terminates the data portion of the card and is followed by an LRC byte (used for error detection). The remaining card is filled by zero bits. Using good coding techniques, interrupt driven sampling can be used to read and handle the data. Most of the head will read the first and second tracks simultaneously. Some of advanced read heads can read all three tracks simultaneously. Linear conditioning is used for noise reduction and signal conditioning. The reader also contains an oscillator section which is used to provide the clocks for the recovery section and for the enable/disable timers. The enable/disable counters provide initialization for the recovery section. The recovery section locks onto the data rate and recovers the individual data bits from the data stream. The Magnetic Card Reader reader is a microcontroller-based device and has been programmed for a specific application. That program simply reads te card in a forward direction in a simple data format or it can be complex enough to read the card in any direction with a corresponding encoding format.
About the Author
Magnetic Card Reader, Magnetic Card Writer, Credit Card Reader
MSR505C Magnetic Stripe Reader Writer
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